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	<title>Democratisation of science - Sciences Citoyennes</title>
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	<description>Les sciences avec et pour les citoyennes</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 13:47:15 +0000</lastBuildDate>
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	<title>Democratisation of science - Sciences Citoyennes</title>
	<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh</link>
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	<item>
		<title>Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/climate/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 13:47:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=143746</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>As part of the citizen mobilizations of COP21 (United Nations Climate Change Conference) in 2015. Sciences Citoyennes decided to seize the matter of geo- engineering. Since then, we have participated to spreading acculturation on those controversial subjects. SC chose to multiply formats and diffusion canals in order to make this information more accessible to everyone. [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/climate/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Capture-d’écran-2022-06-21-à-15.59.47.png"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-143766 alignright" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Capture-d’écran-2022-06-21-à-15.59.47-300x300.png" alt="Capture D’écran 2022 06 21 À 15.59.47 300x300" width="130" height="130"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" /></a></p>
<p>As part of the citizen mobilizations of COP21 (United Nations Climate Change Conference) in 2015. Sciences Citoyennes decided to seize the matter of geo- engineering. Since then, we have participated to spreading acculturation on those controversial subjects.</p>
<p>SC chose to multiply formats and diffusion canals in order to make this information more accessible to everyone.</p>
<p><span id="more-143746"></span></p>
<p><strong>Understand geo-engineering : illustrated learning sheets</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-1-EN-Geo-engineering-techniques.pdf"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-143747" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-1-EN-Geo-engineering-techniques-212x300.png" alt="Climat Fiche 1 EN Geo Engineering Techniques 212x300" width="130" height="184"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" /></a>.   <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-2-EN.pdf"><img decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-143748" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-2-EN-212x300.png" alt="Climat Fiche 2 EN 212x300" width="130" height="184"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" />.  </a><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-3-EN.pdf"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-143749" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Climat-fiche-3-EN-212x300.png" alt="Climat Fiche 3 EN 212x300" width="130" height="184"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" /></a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Test your level of knowledge on geo-engineering</strong></p>
<p><em>Test on the left, answers on the right.</em></p>
<p><strong><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Questionnaire.pdf"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-143757" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Questionnaire-212x300.png" alt="Questionnaire 212x300" width="130" height="184"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" /></a> <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Questionnaire-réponses.pdf"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-143758" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Questionnaire-réponses-212x300.png" alt="Questionnaire Réponses 212x300" width="130" height="184"  title="Better understand climate manipulation on a large scale" /></a></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Learn more about geo-engineering thanks to Clive Hamilton and Pat Mooney</strong></p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tP9_5DeOcng?list=PLVmvTNPlvcEs6oP8jrycwj9_gFLvH4osy" width="360" height="203" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DNwiPXgLDQM?list=PLVmvTNPlvcEs6oP8jrycwj9_gFLvH4osy" width="360" height="203" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe></p>
<p><em>Translated by Jean-Charles Chabrol. If you wish to help translating our content from French to English, please contact us at equipe@sciencescitoyennes.org</em></p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/climate/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Citizens’ Conventions, Taking Democracy Seriously</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-conventions-taking-democracy-seriously/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-conventions-taking-democracy-seriously/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2020 13:40:49 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Conventions de citoyens]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Démocratisation de la science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Non classé]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Citizens' Conventions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TeRRIFICA]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=140887</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The videos of the conference in English are online! The 3rd TeRRIFICA Reflective Workshop and Conference &#x201C;Citizens&#x2019; Conventions, Taking Democracy Seriously&#x201D; was held in Paris on October 14th and 15th 2019. The event was hosted at the Economic Social and Environmental Council (CESE) and the Fondation Charles L&#xE9;opold Mayer. Sciences Citoyennes organized both activities within [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-conventions-taking-democracy-seriously/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>The <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNCTmHclKUgGKbqc_0vFkHg/featured" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">videos</a> of the conference in English are online!</h3>
<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Affiche_CdC_TeRRIFICA_mail-1.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-134365 alignright" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Affiche_CdC_TeRRIFICA_mail-1-300x167.jpg" alt="Affiche CdC TeRRIFICA Mail 1 300x167" width="300" height="167"  title="Citizens’ Conventions, Taking Democracy Seriously" /></a>The 3rd TeRRIFICA Reflective Workshop and <strong>Conference “Citizens’ Conventions, Taking Democracy Seriously”</strong> was held in Paris on October 14th and 15th 2019. The event was hosted at the Economic Social and Environmental Council (CESE) and the Fondation Charles Léopold Mayer.</p>
<p>Sciences Citoyennes organized both activities within the framework of the H2020<a href="https://terrifica.eu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> TeRRIFICA project</a>, whereby eight European institutions work together to foster competence for climate change adaptation and mitigation in different European regions with a specific focus on Responsible Research and Innovation.</p>
<p><span id="more-140887"></span></p>
<p>The <strong>Conference “Citizens Convention, taking democracy seriously”</strong> was held on October 14th 2019 at the Economic Social and Environmental Council (CESE), in the framework of the European project on co-creation of climate action, TeRRIFICA – Territorial Responsible Research and Innovation Fostering Innovative Climate Action.</p>
<p>Citizens Assembly in Ireland; Emmanuel Macron’s announcement of a Convention Citoyennes on ecological transition; environmental organizations’ demands for a Citizen Assembly on climate and ecological justice; digital democracy promises… There are a number of demands for citizens’ voice to be at the heart of policy-making. However, what kind of participatory democracy procedure could best respond to this demand? What are the key conditions for such a procedure to be really democratic and take into account the informed view of citizens?</p>
<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_7562.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-130646 alignleft" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_7562-300x225.jpg" alt="IMG 7562 300x225" width="300" height="225"  title="Citizens’ Conventions, Taking Democracy Seriously" /></a>For more than ten years, Sciences Citoyennes and the Observatory of Participatory Practices within Research and Innovation have developed a detailed rigorous procedure that fosters informed expression of citizen opinions, based on multiple contradictory expertise. This method is named “<strong>Citizens’ Conventions</strong>”.</p>
<p>Patrick Bernasconi – CESE President – introduced the Conference and reminded the Council’s democratic and institutional innovations. Norbert Steinhaus – TeRRIFICA project coordinator – introduced how the project aims at demonstrating the citizens’ engagement in order to locally act for mitigating and adapting climate change is part of the solution.</p>
<p><strong>Watch the <em>Introduction to the conference</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL9aujl2TDo" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>. </strong></p>
<p>Two experts of the Citizens Convention replied to the question: What are Citizens’ Conventions &amp; what are the minimal conditions for this procedure to be legitimate? Dominique Rousseau – Professor of Constitutional law – talked of the legitimity of Citizens Convention, as one of the tools towards a “continuous democracy”, and the necessity of write this tool in the Constitution. Marie-Angèle Hermitte – Honorary Director at the CNRS and the EHESS – shared her extended experience of participative procedures, pointing out the failures and how to avoid them at each important step, for instance that the public authority organizing the procedure should be able to apply recommendations from the panel.</p>
<p><strong>Watch the session <em>What are Citizen&rsquo;s Conventions &amp; what are the minimal conditions for this procedure to be legitimate? </em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCK3xT-74_M" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a><em>. </em></strong></p>
<p>The conference then took a bigger perspective to reflect on similar approaches in Europe. Pauline Véron – Deputy of Paris Mayor in charge of local democracy, citizen participation – introduced participatory processes in Paris such as citizens’ conferences and the will of the city to go further, but also pointed out the reluctance of some politicians towards citizens’ voice. Dimitri Courant – researcher in political science at the Lausanne University (IEP) and Paris-VIII-Saint-Denis University (CRESPPA) – listed various current procedures and their differences, then introduced more in detail Irish Citizens Assemblies, and concluded on the issue of institutionalization.</p>
<p><strong>Watch the session <em>Sharing experiences of similar approaches in Europe</em> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcFkvsYX-QA" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here.</a> </strong></p>
<p>Finally, Jacques Testart – honorary president of Sciences Citoyennes – reminded the objective of the Citizens Conventions, defining the common good, and the capacity of citizens to give their best with empathy and intelligence in this procedure, a phenomena called <em>humanitude</em>.</p>
<p>The debate raised the questions of decision-making power of citizens, and the issue of inclusion of marginalized and foreign citizens. The thinking on Citizens Convention went on with TeRRIFICA partners, with the main question being: how to implement Citizens’ Conventions at several territorial scales, in order to tackle climate change? Thanks to the Scenario-Workshop methodology, participants developed utopian and pragmatic scenarios, and especially worked on the notions of citizen participation, institutionalization; the different territorial scales: diversity, inclusion and respect of knowledge; and finally empowerment.</p>
<p><strong>Watch the <em>Open-debate on Citizens&rsquo; Convention </em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxF82D6-ufg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here. </a></strong></p>
<p>If you want to stay informed about the developments of TeRRIFICA, please subscribe to our <a href="https://terrifica.eu/resources/newsletters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="newsletter (opens in a new tab)"><em>newsletter</em></a> and follow our Social Media channels:<br />
·         Facebook page: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/TeRRIFICA.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="www.facebook.com/TeRRIFICA.eu (opens in a new tab)"><em>www.facebook.com/TeRRIFICA.eu</em></a><br />
·         Twitter account: <a href="http://www.twitter.com/TeRRIFICA_" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="www.twitter.com/TeRRIFICA_ (opens in a new tab)"><em>www.twitter.com/TeRRIFICA_</em></a><br />
·         Community of Practice group on LinkedIn: <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups/13724546/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" aria-label="www.linkedin.com/groups/13724546/ (opens in a new tab)"><em>www.linkedin.com/groups/13724546/</em></a></p>
<p><strong>If you want to know more on Citizen&rsquo;s Conventions,</strong><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/the-citizens-convention-a-new-democratic-procedure-for-decision-making-on-research-and-innovation-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong> click here,</strong></a> <strong>and if you want to follow the news on Citizen&rsquo;s Conventions, <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/rubrique/democratisation-de-la-science/convention-de-citoyens/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">click here.</a> </strong></p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-conventions-taking-democracy-seriously/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Lettre ouverte des organisations sur le mécanisme de règlement des différends entre investisseurs et États (RDIE) et le COVID -19</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/lettre-ouverte-des-organisations-sur-le-mecanisme-de-reglement-des-differends-entre-investisseurs-et-etats-rdie-et-le-covid-19/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/lettre-ouverte-des-organisations-sur-le-mecanisme-de-reglement-des-differends-entre-investisseurs-et-etats-rdie-et-le-covid-19/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2020 10:51:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Conflits d'intérêts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Déontologie de la recherche]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deontology of research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Expertise]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CETA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gouvernance de la recherche]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Marchandisation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TAFTA]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=140766</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>630 organisations de la soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; civile, dont Sciences Citoyennes, ont sign&#xE9; cette lettre ouverte alarmant les gouvernements sur une vague de plaintes COVID-19 dans des &#xAB;&#xA0;tribunaux d&#x2019;entreprise&#xA0;&#xBB;. La lettre a &#xE9;t&#xE9; envoy&#xE9;e au Premier Ministre fran&#xE7;ais Edouard Philippe. Retrouvez &#xE9;galement le communiqu&#xE9; de presse expliquant l&#x2019;initiative.&#xA0; &#xC0; l&#x2019;endroit des gouvernements: Aujourd&#x2019;hui, nous vous invitons, par [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/lettre-ouverte-des-organisations-sur-le-mecanisme-de-reglement-des-differends-entre-investisseurs-et-etats-rdie-et-le-covid-19/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/lettre-ouverte-des-organisations-sur-le-mecanisme-de-reglement-des-differends-entre-investisseurs-et-etats-rdie-et-le-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">630 organisations</a> de la société civile, dont Sciences Citoyennes, ont signé cette lettre ouverte alarmant les gouvernements sur une vague de plaintes COVID-19 dans des « tribunaux d&rsquo;entreprise ». La lettre a été envoyée au Premier Ministre français Edouard Philippe. Retrouvez également le <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Communique-de-Presse-Lettre-ouverte-contre-les-mecanismes-de-reglement-des-differends.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">communiqué de presse</a> expliquant l&rsquo;initiative. </em></p>
<p>À l’endroit des gouvernements:</p>
<p>Aujourd’hui, nous vous invitons, par la présente lettre, à prendre l’initiative pour assurer que les pays du monde ne soient confrontés à une vague de poursuites de règlements des différends entre investisseurs et États (RDIE) en raison des mesures prises pour lutter contre la pandémie COVID-19 et la crise économique qui en découle.</p>
<p>Partout dans le monde, certains gouvernements prennent des mesures pour sauver des vies, endiguer la pandémie, protéger les emplois,lutter contre les catastrophes économiques et veiller à ce que les besoins fondamentaux des populations soient couverts. L’ampleur de ces mesures est sans précédent dans les temps modernes et la nécessité de ces actions est évidente. Cependant, la portée très étendue du mécanisme de RDIE <a>pourrait exposer ces mesures </a>gouvernementales cruciales à des plaintes avec demande d’indemnisation à hauteur de plusieurs millions de dollars de la part des investisseurs étrangers. Le nombre de ces plaintes pourrait également être sans précédent et imposer des charges financières considérables aux gouvernements qui   croulent déjà sous le fardeau des crises sanitaires et économiques dévastatrices.</p>
<p><span id="more-140766"></span></p>
<p>Le RDIE est inclut sous diverses formes dans de nombreux accords de commerce et d’investissement. Il permet aux investisseurs étrangers – et uniquement aux investisseurs étrangers – de poursuivre les gouvernements devant des tribunaux secrets en dehors du système juridique national pour obtenir des montants bien plus élevés que ceux qui seraient disponibles devant les tribunaux nationaux.</p>
<p>Les avocats, qui profitent énormément du mécanise du RDIE, font déjà la chasse aux sociétés clientes qui souhaiteraient utiliser les tribunaux du RDIE pour soutirer des sommes importantes aux gouvernements en raison des mesures qu’ils ont prises en réponse à la crise du COVID-19. Les cabinets d’avocats<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>, les experts en commerce<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, les organismes des Nations Unies<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> et les experts en droits de l’homme<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> ont déjà prédit une vague imminente de poursuites dans le cadre du mécanisme du RDIE. Les revues juridiques spécialisées estiment que “les dernières semaines pourraient marquer le début d’un boom” des poursuites liées au mécanisme RDIE.<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> Les situations de crise dans le passé, comme la crise financière en Argentine ou le printemps arabe, ont donné lieu à de nombreuses poursuites judiciaires.</p>
<p>Les poursuites pourraient naître des mesures prises par de nombreux gouvernements dans le but de :</p>
<ul>
<li> restreindre et suspendre les activités des entreprises afin de limiter la propagation du virus et de protéger les travailleurs ;</li>
<li>sécuriser les ressources des systèmes de santé en exigeant l’utilisation des établissements hospitaliers privés, de placer les prestataires de soins privés sous contrôle public ou d’obliger des fabricants à produire des ventilateurs ;</li>
<li>imposer pour les ménages et  les entreprises un allègement des paiements hypothécaires ou du loyer</li>
<li>empêcher les étrangers de racheter des entreprises stratégiques frappées par la crise  ;</li>
<li>garantir l’accès à l’eau potable pour le lavage des mains et l’assainissement par le gel des factures de services publics et la suspension des coupures;</li>
<li>assurer que les médicaments, les tests et les vaccins soient abordables</li>
<li>favoriser la restructuration de la dette.</li>
</ul>
<p>Les réparations qui résulteraient de la vague des poursuites judiciaires en matière de RDIE liée au COVID pourraient être énormes. Sur les 1 023 poursuites de RDIE connues, treize ont donné lieu à des indemnisations ou à des règlements de plus d’un milliard de dollars, y compris des pertes de bénéfices futures.<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> À la fin de 2018, des pays ont reçu l’ordre ou ont convenu de verser aux investisseurs dans le cadre des affaires de RDIE connues du public la somme de 88 milliards de dollars EU.<a href="applewebdata://E3813E6D-25ED-4012-AF55-97DEB523244F#_ftn7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> Certains pays en développement ont des milliards de dollars d’impayés au titre de ces affaires.</p>
<p>À une époque où les ressources publiques sont mobilisées au maximum pour répondre à la crise, les fonds publics ne devraient pas être détournés de la sauvegarde de vies, des emplois et de moyens de subsistance pour payer des réparations ou des frais de justice pour lutter contre une plainte. Étant donné que la lutte contre COVID-19 va se poursuivre, une vague de poursuites pourrait entraîner un effet de “frilosité réglementaire”, dans lequel les gouvernements dilueraient, reporteraient ou retireraient les mesures de lutte contre la pandémie par crainte de ces paiements, une situation qui pourrait s’avérer mortelle.</p>
<p>Afin d’éviter cette situation, nous invitons instamment les gouvernements à prendre immédiatement et de toute urgence les mesures suivantes, avant que les premières poursuites ne soient intentées :</p>
<ol>
<li>restreindre de façon permanente l’utilisation du mécanisme de RDIE sous toutes ses formes au titre des plaintes qui selon l’État se rapportent à des mesures liées au COVID-19 ;</li>
<li>suspendre tous les litiges en matière de RDIE concernant toute action contre tout gouvernement pendant qu’il lutte contre les crises du COVID-19 et que ses capacités doivent être concentrées sur la réponse à la pandémie ;</li>
<li>veiller à ce que des fonds publics ne soient dépensés pour payer aux sociétés des indemnisations liées au RDIE pendant la pandémie ;</li>
<li>cesser de négocier, signer et/ou ratifier tout nouvel accord prévoyant un mécanisme de RDIE ;</li>
<li>mettre fin aux accords existants qui prévoit un RDIE, assurer que les “clauses de survie” ne permettent pas d’engager des poursuites par la suite ;</li>
<li>compte tenu des menaces révélées par la pandémie, examiner de manière exhaustive les accords existants qui contiennent un mécanisme de RDIE   pour voir s’ils répondent à leur objectif.</li>
</ol>
<p>De plus amples informations sur les modalités de mise en œuvre de ces mesures sont disponibles dans l’annexe à la présente lettre.</p>
<p>Nous vous prions instamment de prendre des mesures immédiates pour garantir que le devoir des gouvernements de réglementer dans l’intérêt public soit sauvegardé et exclu du champ des plaintes de RDIE</p>
<p>Signé,</p>
<p>Vous trouverez <a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LettreOuverteRDIEEtCOVID_Juin2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">l&rsquo;intégralité de la lettre et la liste des signataires </a><strong><a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LettreOuverteRDIEEtCOVID_Juin2020.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ici.</a></strong></p>
<p>Vous trouverez <a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/sign-the-pen-letter-to-governments-on-isds-and-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">la version anglaise</a><strong><a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/sign-the-pen-letter-to-governments-on-isds-and-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> ici.</a></strong><br />
Vous trouverez <a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/carta-abierta-a-los-gobiernos-sobre-isds-y-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">la version espagnole</a><strong><a href="http://s2bnetwork.org/carta-abierta-a-los-gobiernos-sobre-isds-y-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> ici. </a></strong></p>
<hr />
<ol>
<li>Voir par exemple: https://www.alston.com/en/insights/events/2020/04/the-coming-wave-of-covid-19- arbitration/, https://www.ropesgray.com/en/newsroom/alerts/2020/04/COVID-19-Measures- Leveraging-Investment-Agreements-to-Protect-Foreign-<br />
Investments, https://www.reedsmith.com/en/perspectives/2020/05/reed-smith-quarterly- international-arbitration-focus, https://globalarbitrationreview.com/article/1222354/could-covid-19- emergency-measures-give-rise-to-investment-claims-first-reflections-from-italy, https://www.acerislaw.com/the-covid-19-pandemic-and-investment-arbitration/</li>
<li>https://www.iisd.org/library/investor-state-claims-amidst-covid-19</li>
<li>https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/diaepcbinf2020d3_en.pdf</li>
<li>http://ccsi.columbia.edu/2020/05/05/isds-moratorium-during-covid-19/</li>
<li>https://www.law360.com/legalethics/articles/1261213/third-party-funders-business-is-booming- during-pandemic</li>
<li>https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/investment-dispute-settlement</li>
<li>Cálculo realizado sobre la base de datos de la UNCTAD para los casos hasta diciembre de 2018.</li>
</ol>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/lettre-ouverte-des-organisations-sur-le-mecanisme-de-reglement-des-differends-entre-investisseurs-et-etats-rdie-et-le-covid-19/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Atelier Horizon TERRE en ligne le 30 mai 2020 &#8211; Workshop Horizon TERRE online on May 30th, 2020 (FR/EN)</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/invitation-a-un-atelier-horizon-terre-en-ligne-le-30-mai-2020-fr-en/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/invitation-a-un-atelier-horizon-terre-en-ligne-le-30-mai-2020-fr-en/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 13:09:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Démocratisation de la science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sciences sans croissance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Décroissance]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Liberté d'expression et débats]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=140643</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Le projet <span class="glossaryLink"  aria-describedby="tt"  data-cmtooltip="&#60;div class=glossaryItemTitle&#62;Horizon Terre&#60;/div&#62;&#60;div class=glossaryItemBody&#62;&#60;/div&#62;"  data-gt-translate-attributes='[{"attribute":"data-cmtooltip", "format":"html"}]'  tabindex='0' role='link'>Horizon Terre</span>,&#160;port&#233; par les associations Sciences Citoyennes, Ing&#233;nieurs sans Fronti&#232;res et le collectif At&#233;copol, depuis septembre 2019, vise &#224; cr&#233;er des sc&#233;narios de recherche alternatifs &#224; ceux d&#8217;Horizon Europe&#160;(le programme cadre de recherche de l&#8217;Union Europ&#233;enne)&#160;dans l&#8217;objectif de&#160;cr&#233;er des synergies entre les collectifs de chercheurs et d&#8217;&#233;tudiants&#160;et in fine,&#160;de&#160;faire du plaidoyer au niveau [&#8230;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/invitation-a-un-atelier-horizon-terre-en-ligne-le-30-mai-2020-fr-en/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Le projet <b class=""><i class="">Horizon Terre, </i></b>porté par les associations Sciences Citoyennes, Ingénieurs sans Frontières et le collectif Atécopol, depuis septembre 2019, vise à créer des scénarios de recherche alternatifs à ceux d’Horizon Europe <i class="">(le programme cadre de recherche de l’Union Européenne)</i> dans l’objectif de <b class="">créer des synergies entre les collectifs de chercheurs et d’étudiants</b> et in fine, de <b class="">faire du plaidoyer au niveau européen et national </b>pour contribuer à faire infléchir les politiques d’orientation de la recherche selon les axes définis par les membres du projet.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-140652" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_Visuel_Degrowth-1-300x150.png" alt="HT Visuel Degrowth 1 300x150" width="300" height="150"  title="Atelier Horizon TERRE en ligne le 30 mai 2020 - Workshop Horizon TERRE online on May 30th, 2020 (FR/EN)" /></p>
<p>Les membres du projet vont animer un premier un évènement public de consultation sous la forme d’un atelier durant la <i class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference</i>. Cet atelier en anglais aura lieu en ligne <b class="">le samedi 30 mai de 15h15 à 16h45. </b>Animé par des chercheurs (sciences sociales et sciences expérimentales) et des experts associatifs, il s’adresse à une trentaine de participants.</p>
<p><span id="more-140643"></span><br />
Si vous souhaitez participer, vous pouvez vous inscrire à la <i class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference</i> <u class="">jusqu’au 28 mai</u> en remplissant le formulaire suivant <a class="" href="https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/participant-registration/">https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/participant-registration/</a>, puis envoyer un mail à l’adresse suivante : <a class="" href="mailto:maelle.fretigne@sciencescitoyennes.org">maelle.fretigne@sciencescitoyennes.org</a> pour confirmer votre participation à l’atelier.<br class="" /><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><br class="" /></span>En partageant leurs travaux en cours pour un « futur désirable » aux personnes inscrites à l’atelier, les membres du projet espèrent avoir des retours pour les faire évoluer. <br class="" /><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><br class="" /></span><u class=""><span class="" style="color: #669c35;">Vous pouvez trouver des informations sur la <i class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference</i><span class=""> sur ce lien</span><i class=""> : </i></span></u><b class=""><a class="" href="https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/landing-page/">https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/landing-page</a></b></p>
<hr />
<p>The  HORIZON TERRE project, led by the NGOs <u class="">Sciences Citoyennes</u>, <u class="">Ingénieurs sans Frontières</u> and the <u class="">Atécopol collectiv</u>e, since September 2019, aims to create alternative research scenarios to those of <i class=""><b class="">Horizon Europe</b></i> <i class="">(the European Union&rsquo;s research framework programme)</i> with the aim of <b class="">creating synergies between groups of researchers and students</b> and, ultimately,<b class=""> to advocate at the European and national levels</b> to help influence research policies along the lines defined by the project members.</p>
<p><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-140651" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/HT_Visuel_Degrowth_EN-1-300x150.png" alt="HT Visuel Degrowth EN 1 300x150" width="300" height="150"  title="Atelier Horizon TERRE en ligne le 30 mai 2020 - Workshop Horizon TERRE online on May 30th, 2020 (FR/EN)" /></span></p>
<p>The project members will run their first public consultation event in the form of a workshop during the <i class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference</i>. This workshop in English will take place online on <b class="">Saturday 30 May from 15:15 to 16:45</b>. The workshop will be led by researchers (social and experimental sciences) and association experts and is aimed at around 30 participants.<br class="" /><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><br class="" /></span>If you wish to participate, you can register for the <i class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference </i><b class=""><u class="">until 28 May</u></b> by filling in the following form <a class="" href="https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/participant-registration/">https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/participant-registration/</a>, then send an email to <a class="" href="mailto:maelle.fretigne@sciencescitoyennes.org">maelle.fretigne@sciencescitoyennes.org</a> to confirm your participation in the workshop.<br class="" /><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><br class="" /></span>By sharing their work in progress for a « desirable future » with the people participating in the workshop, the project members hope to get feedback for further development. <br class="" /><span class="" style="color: #5856d6;"><br class="" /></span><u class=""><span class="" style="color: #669c35;">You can find information on the <i class=""><b class="">Vienna Degrowth Conference</b></i> at this link:</span></u> <a class="" href="https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/landing-page/">https://www.degrowthvienna2020.org/en/landing-page/</a></p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/invitation-a-un-atelier-horizon-terre-en-ligne-le-30-mai-2020-fr-en/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Réponse au rapport parlementaire sur les perturbateurs endocriniens dans les plastiques</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/reponse-parlementaire-pe-plastiques/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/reponse-parlementaire-pe-plastiques/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2020 14:44:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lanceurs d'alerte]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politique de la recherche]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Perturbateurs endocriniens]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[plastique]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=135409</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Une r&#xE9;ponse &#xE9;crite par J&#xE9;r&#xF4;me Santolini, chercheur en Biologie, administrateur de Sciences Citoyennes, membre de &#xAB;&#xA0;Cantine Sans Plastique France&#xA0;&#xBB; et coauteur du livre &#xAB;&#xA0;Pas de plastique dans nos assiettes &#x2013; des perturbateurs endocriniens &#xE0; la cantine&#xA0;&#xBB;&#xA0; Il y a quelques jours, les d&#xE9;put&#xE9;.es Claire Pitollat et Laurianne Rossi pr&#xE9;sentaient en grande pompe le rapport de [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/reponse-parlementaire-pe-plastiques/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Une réponse écrite par Jérôme Santolini, chercheur en Biologie, administrateur de Sciences Citoyennes, membre de « Cantine Sans Plastique France » et coauteur du livre « Pas de plastique dans nos assiettes – des perturbateurs endocriniens à la cantine » </em></p>
<p>Il y a quelques jours, les <a href="http://xn--dput-bpad.es/">député.es</a> Claire Pitollat et Laurianne Rossi présentaient en grande pompe le rapport de leur mission d’information parlementaire sur les perturbateurs endocriniens présents dans les contenants en plastique. En écho aux annonces officielles et médiatiques (vidéos, articles…), le rapport souligne avec emphase l’urgence de la situation, l’ampleur de la crise sanitaire.</p>
<p><span id="more-135409"></span></p>
<p>Une simple lecture des têtes de chapitre, de l’introduction et de la conclusion donne le ton général de ce rapport :<br />
<em>« <strong>INTRODUCTION</strong></em><br />
<em>Les perturbateurs endocriniens ne doivent en aucun cas être banalisés. C’est pourquoi les populations les plus vulnérables doivent être protégées en priorité</em><br />
<em>Nous ingérerions cinq grammes de plastiques, soit l’équivalent d’une carte de crédit, chaque semaine, à travers notre alimentation ; tout tend à démontrer chaque jour davantage la présence ubiquitaire des matières plastiques, qui circulent sur de très grandes distances par la voie des fleuves et des océans mais aussi par la voie des airs</em><br />
<em>I. TRÈS PRÉOCCUPANTE, L’EXPOSITION AUX PERTURBATEURS ENDOCRINIENS PRÉSENTS DANS LES CONTENANTS EN PLASTIQUE CONSTITUE UN ENJEU MAJEUR DE SANTÉ PUBLIQUE</em><br />
<em>A. LES PERTURBATEURS ENDOCRINIENS PRÉSENTS DANS NOTRE ENVIRONNEMENT ONT DE NOMBREUX EFFETS NÉFASTES SUR LA SANTÉ</em><br />
<em>B. LES CONTENANTS EN PLASTIQUE SONT UNE SOURCE TRÈS IMPORTANTE D’EXPOSITION, PAR LA MIGRATION DE SUBSTANCES À CARACTÈRE PERTURBATEUR ENDOCRINIEN DU CONTENANT VERS LE CONTENU</em><br />
<em>1. De nombreux perturbateurs endocriniens sont présents dans les plastiques</em><br />
<em>II. UNE PRISE DE CONSCIENCE RELATIVEMENT RÉCENTE QUI DOIT S’ACCÉLÉRER FACE À L’URGENCE</em><br />
<em>A. UNE RÉGLEMENTATION QUI A ÉVOLUÉ MAIS RESTE TRÈS LACUNAIRE</em><br />
<em>III. LA LIMITATION DE L’EXPOSITION AUX PERTURBATEURS ENDOCRINIENS EST UN IMPÉRATIF DONT LES POUVOIRS PUBLICS ET LA SOCIÉTÉ DANS SON ENSEMBLE DOIVENT SE SAISIR</em></p>
<p><strong><em>CONCLUSION</em></strong></p>
<p>En conclusion, vos rapporteures alertent sur le caractère très préoccupant de l’exposition généralisée de la population aux perturbateurs endocriniens… Il est donc urgent d’agir sur ceux des contenants que nous utilisons quotidiennement et qui présentent le plus d’impacts : alimentaires, cosmétiques et pharmaceutiques….. Il est désormais établi que l’exposition à ces perturbateurs endocriniens entraine des pathologies graves… La France doit être fer de lance dans la lutte contre l’exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens… il est plus que temps d’agir car les effets des perturbateurs endocriniens peuvent être irréversibles, les affecter leur vie durant et parfois se transmettre à leur descendance.</p>
<p>Ce rapport reprend en substance des éléments qui ont été maintes fois publiés par les lanceurs d’alerte et les associations de défense de santé environnementale. Il est utile que les parlementaires relaient, au travers de cette mission d’information, les éléments portés à leur connaissance, afin en particulier d’alerter leurs collègues parlementaires et le gouvernement sur la nécessité d’agir au plus vite.</p>
<p>En tête de ce rapport, les parlementaires proposent 48 mesures pour se saisir de cette urgence. Plus précisément 48 recommandations… qui ne sont en fait pas des mesures. 6 axes de recommandations qui traduisent l’impuissance politique :</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>Renforcer la réglementation européenne.</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Ces 16 recommandations, en lien avec les demandes des associations, n’ont aucune portée, au contraire : 1) la réglementation européenne n’est pas de la compétence de l’Assemblée Nationale et constitue de fait un vœu pieux ; 2) le processus réglementaire européen s’étale sur plusieurs années là où le rapport alerte sur l’Urgence de la situation ; 3) la réglementation européenne sur les perturbateurs endocriniens est bloquée depuis 2008, illustrant les failles du système de réglementation européen. Déléguer une prérogative nationale à une autorité européenne lente, défaillante et inefficace et est une faute politique.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>Accentuer les efforts de recherche</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Depuis 20 ans la communauté scientifique a accumulé de très nombreuses évidences sur la nature et les effets pathologiques des perturbateurs endocriniens. Il n’y a pas besoin de recherche supplémentaire pour statuer sur la dangerosité de nombreux additifs et plastiques et les interdire. Le faire croire, c’est ajouter de la confusion supplémentaire à celle que les lobbys et autres groupements d’intérêts entretiennent dans le but de freiner toute forme de réglementation. C’est utiliser la Science comme la justification d’une inaction politique qui retarde d’autant la mise en place de mesures urgentes. On peut également s’interroger sur raison qui pousse à confier à une plateforme public/privé (constituée des principaux industriels producteurs de perturbateurs endocriniens) l’autorité de « contrôle » des perturbateurs endocriniens…</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>Développer la recherche pour préserver les milieux et la biodiversité</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>De la même façon, le rapport ébauche des axes de recherche que scientifiques et associations ont déjà balisés et réclamés. Des axes ici forcément très généraux, vagues, fourre-tout. Là encore, ce n’est pas aux politiques de définir quels sont les axes de recherche nécessaires – c’est bien loin de leur compétence. La société attend d’eux d’apporter des solutions opérationnelles pour soutenir associations et chercheurs (financement, incitation des agences…).</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>Suivre précisément le devenir des additifs lors du recyclage</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Alors que de nombreux experts pointent l’impossibilité de suivre plastiques et additifs au travers de plusieurs dizaines/centaines de filières de recyclage, la présentation de cet axe semble valider le concept de recyclage et d’économie circulaire adapté au plastique comme une solution. C’est un point contre lequel se battent les associations, tant en santé environnementale qu’en pollution environnementale: le plastique ne se recycle pas. Il y a donc une contradiction manifeste à souligner le danger des additifs, la difficulté de traçabilité de ces additifs et « en même temps » demander de renforcer la filière du recyclage.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4> Substituer en toute sécurité</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>5 recommandations qui ne font qu’effleurer la problématique et souvent ne correspondent pas aux enjeux annoncés (dispersion des microplastiques, renforcement des contrôles…). La substitution des plastiques EST la question centrale dans une politique de sortie du plastique. Il semble que les rapporteurs n’en aient pas saisi l’importance, ou aient choisi de ne pas en faire une priorité, de ne pas mettre d’obstacles à la production de plastique.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>Former, informer et sensibiliser</h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Cet axe de 11 recommandations révèle toute l’impuissance et toute la manœuvre politicienne de cette Mission d’Information. Les députés semblent découvrir une problématique – les perturbateurs endocriniens – qui a émergé dans l’espace public il y a près de 30 ans et qui est relayée inlassablement depuis 15 ans par scientifiques, lanceurs d’alerte et ONGs. La mission des pouvoirs publics n’est pas d’informer mais de s’informer d’une réalité qui semble leur avoir échapper. A l’inverse, alors que les citoyens/consommateurs ont peu d’alternative pour modifier leurs habitudes de consommation, les parlementaires font porter l’essentiel des changements sur les pratiques des citoyens. Non seulement les parlementaires se défaussent de leurs responsabilités, mais ils en font porter la charge sur les principales victimes. Les citoyens n’ont pas besoin d’être informés ou sensibilisés, ils le sont. Ils ont juste besoin d’un système qui leur permette de mettre leur pratique en accord avec leurs connaissances et leurs convictions. A la place ils subissent une injonction paradoxale qui fait porter la responsabilité sur les individus tout en les enfermant dans des pratiques qu’ils ne peuvent éviter. Avec en arrière-plan, le désastre sanitaire lié à la contamination par les perturbateurs endocriniens dont ils paient déjà le prix fort.</p>
<p><strong>Ce rapport plastique – perturbateurs endocriniens se révèle ainsi un non-évènement politique. La mission s’est contentée de relayer une alerte connue depuis des décennies.</strong> Le rôle des politiques n’est-pas de lancer des alertes : les citoyens, les associations s’en chargent déjà suffisamment dans l’espace public. La mission des politiques n’est pas de faire de la communication, mais de la politique. Or les propositions sont un déni de politique. 48 mesures de communication qui n’engagent en rien et font porter sur des tiers la nécessité de l’action : l’UE, les chercheurs, les agences, les citoyens…</p>
<p>Cette attitude semble être dans le logiciel de la gouvernance moderne qui refuse de gouverner, orienter, réguler, qui transforme l’espace politique en espace marchand, les citoyens en consommateurs.</p>
<p>Ici pourtant la solution aurait été simple : interdire les contenants en plastique à l&rsquo;hôpital, au moins en pédiatrie. Interdire les contenants en plastique dans les établissements publics. <strong>Si ces plastiques sont aussi dangereux que la Mission d’Information le souligne, pourquoi ne pas proposer de l’interdire,</strong> comme la députée Rossi l’a déjà fait dans le cadre des cantines scolaires.</p>
<p>Pourquoi attendre ?</p>
<p>Ce refus d’agir met les individus, parents et citoyens, dans une situation intenable. Pris entre les discours d’alerte qui viennent souligner de façon de plus en plus alarmante le désastre sanitaire en train de s’accomplir et l’incapacité de pouvoir faire quoique ce soit pour se protéger et protéger ces proches. Avec en surplomb, un discours qui vient faire porter tout le poids de cette crise sur leurs épaules. Par ce genre de missions, les pouvoirs publics freinent tout changement, ôtent aux citoyens toute capacité d’action, tout en les désignant comme seuls responsables.</p>
<p>A l’inverse, les principaux responsables de cette crise sanitaire, avec les pouvoirs publics, sont aimablement épargnés et laissés dans l’ombre. Là encore, les industriels de l’agrochimie, pétrochimie, cosmétique ne peuvent nier avoir eu connaissance depuis longtemps d’une situation dramatique et des risques qu’ils font courir aux populations. A la place d’un comportement responsable, éthique, moral, la principale action des industriels face à cette crise sanitaire a été de préserver un statu quo au moyen de tactiques d’influence politique, tant au niveau européen que national. Plutôt que de remettre les industriels en face de leur responsabilité, les pouvoirs publics continuent à préserver leurs intérêts (symboliques et financiers). Comment ne pas crier au scandale quand le plan Stratégie Nationale contre les Perturbateurs Endocriniens soutient la mise en place d’une plateforme public-privé de Pré-validation des méthodes d’essai pour caractériser les Perturbateurs EndocRiniens (PEPPER). Cette plateforme, encore soutenue par la Mission d’information Plastique/PE,<strong> laisse aux industriels pollueurs &#8211; qui pilotent les comités de préconfiguration et d’opportunité &#8211; la  liberté de définir eux-mêmes quel composant serait ou non un perturbateur endocrinien. Demanderait-on aujourd’hui aux Industriels du tabac de déterminer si fumer est bon pour la Santé ?</strong></p>
<p>Il y a non seulement un déni de politique mais une faute morale. Car il ne s’agit pas juste de jeux politiciens ; il s’agit de la santé, de vie de millions d’enfants, d’hommes et de femmes. Le résultat de ces tergiversations, de cette diversion vers des voies de garage (réglementation, recherche ….), de la culpabilisation des individus et de la complaisance avec les industriels est une perte de temps inacceptable qui a un coût sanitaire. Cout sanitaire qui se chiffre en maladies, morts, autant de tragédies humaines que connaissent parfaitement les députés responsables de ce rapport.</p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/reponse-parlementaire-pe-plastiques/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Conventions de Citoyens, prenons la démocratie au sérieux &#8211; Les vidéos de la conférence sont en ligne !</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/conventions-de-citoyens-videos-conference/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/conventions-de-citoyens-videos-conference/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 2019 09:26:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Conventions de citoyens]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Démocratisation de la science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=130639</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>La conf&#xE9;rence Conventions de Citoyens, prenons la d&#xE9;mocratie au s&#xE9;rieux s&#x2019;est tenue le 14 octobre 2019 au Conseil &#xE9;conomique social et environnemental (CESE), dans le cadre du projet europ&#xE9;en sur la co-cr&#xE9;ation d&#x2019;action contre le changement climatique, TeRRIFICA &#x2013; Territorial Responsible Research and Innovation Fostering Innovative Climate Action. Les Assembl&#xE9;es citoyennes en Irlande, l&#x2019;annonce par [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/conventions-de-citoyens-videos-conference/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>La conférence </em><strong>Conventions de Citoyens, prenons la démocratie au sérieux </strong><em>s’est tenue le 14 octobre 2019 au Conseil économique social et environnemental (CESE), dans le cadre du projet européen sur la co-création d’action contre le changement climatique, TeRRIFICA – Territorial Responsible Research and Innovation Fostering Innovative Climate Action.</em></p>
<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Affiche_CdC_TeRRIFICA.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-130651 alignright" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Affiche_CdC_TeRRIFICA-300x212.jpg" alt="Affiche CdC TeRRIFICA 300x212" width="300" height="212"  title="Conventions de Citoyens, prenons la démocratie au sérieux - Les vidéos de la conférence sont en ligne !" /></a>Les Assemblées citoyennes en Irlande, l’annonce par Emmanuel Macron d’une Convention citoyenne pour la transition écologique, les revendications d’organisations environnementales pour une Assemblée citoyenne face à l’urgence climatique et écologique, les promesses de démocratie par le digital&#8230; Les revendications pour que l’avis des citoyens soit au cœur des décisions politiques sont nombreuses. Mais quelle procédure de démocratie participative mettre en place ? Selon quelles conditions une telle procédure peut-elle être réellement démocratique et prendre en compte l’avis éclairé des citoyens ?</p>
<p><span id="more-130639"></span></p>
<p>Depuis plus d’une dizaine d’années, <strong><em>Sciences Citoyennes</em></strong> et <strong><em>l’Observatoire des Pratiques Participatives en Recherche et Innovation</em></strong> ont développé une procédure rigoureuse et codifiée permettant une réelle expression de citoyennes et des citoyens formés par une expertise plurielle et contradictoire : les Conventions de Citoyens.</p>
<p><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_7562.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-130646 alignleft" src="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_7562-300x225.jpg" alt="IMG 7562 300x225" width="300" height="225"  title="Conventions de Citoyens, prenons la démocratie au sérieux - Les vidéos de la conférence sont en ligne !" /></a></p>
<p><strong><em>Patrick Bernasconi</em> </strong>– Président du CESE – a introduit la conférence en rappelant les innovations démocratiques et institutionnelles mises en place par le CESE. <strong><em>Norbert Steinhaus</em></strong> – coordinateur du projet TeRRIFICA – a ensuite présenté comment le projet vise à démontrer que l’engagement des citoyens pour qu’ils agissent localement pour l’atténuation et l’adaptation au changement climatique fait partie de la solution.</p>
<p>Lien vers la vidéo : <strong><a href="https://youtu.be/I1SMIl351xs" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Introduction de la conférence </a></strong></p>
<p>Deux experts des Conventions de Citoyens ont, dans un deuxième temps, répondu à la question : que sont les Conventions de Citoyens et quelles sont les conditions minimales pour qu’une telle procédure soit légitime ? <strong><em>Dominique Rousseau</em></strong> – Professeur de droit constitutionnel – est revenu sur la légitimité des Conventions de Citoyens, comme un des instruments possibles pour aller vers une démocratie continue, et sur la nécessité d’inscrire cet outil dans la Constitution. <strong><em>Marie-Angèle Hermitte</em> </strong>– directeur de recherche honoraire au CNRS et directeur d’études honoraire à l’EHESS – a partagé son expérience en matière de procédures participatives en pointant les dysfonctionnements et les manières d’y remédier à chaque point d’étape important, par exemple que les autorités publiques organisatrices d’une procédure participative doivent être en mesure d’appliquer les recommandations des citoyens.</p>
<p>Lien vers la vidéo : <a href="https://youtu.be/Bq8Su5wJJtc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>Que sont les CdCs et quelles sont les conditions minimales pour une procédure légitime ?</strong></a></p>
<p>Nous avons ensuite pris de la distance, pour réfléchir à des dispositifs similaires aux Conventions de Citoyens en Europe. <strong><em>Pauline Véron</em></strong> – adjointe à la Maire de Paris chargée de la démocratie locale et de la participation citoyenne – a présenté les dispositifs participatifs parisiens comme les conférences de citoyens et la volonté de la ville d’aller plus loin, mais  a également pointé la frilosité des élus à légitimer la parole des citoyens. <strong><em>Dimitri Courant</em></strong> – chercheur en science politique à l’université de Lausanne (IEP) et l’université Paris-VIII-Saint-Denis (CRESPPA) – a énuméré différents processus récents, leurs différences, puis a présenté plus en détail les Assemblées Citoyennes irlandaises, pour conclure sur les enjeu d’institutionnalisation de tels processus.</p>
<p>Lien vers la vidéo : <a href="https://youtu.be/PfikQhy2psE" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>Retour sur des pratiques similaires en Europe</strong></a></p>
<p>Enfin, <strong><em>Jacques Testart</em></strong> – président honoraire de Sciences Citoyennes, débatteur avec la salle et l’ensemble des intervenants – a rappelé l’objectif des Conventions de Citoyens, définir le bien commun, et la capacité des citoyens à donner le meilleur d’eux-même d’empathie et d’intelligence dans cette procédure, phénomène qu&rsquo;il appelle <em>humanitude</em>. Le débat a très vite amené les questions du pouvoir décisionnaire des citoyens et de l’inclusion de citoyens en situation de grande pauvreté ou étrangers.</p>
<p>Lien vers la vidéo : <a href="https://youtu.be/GT43_f1dvrQ" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>Mise en débat des Conventions de Citoyens</strong></a></p>
<p>La réflexion sur les Conventions de Citoyens a été poursuivie par les partenaires de TeRRIFICA, avec comme question centrale : Comment mettre en place des Conventions de Citoyens à différentes échelles territoriales pour lutter contre le changement climatique ? Par la méthode de l’Atelier-Scénario, les participants ont développé des scénarios utopiques et pragmatiques, et en particulier travailler les notions de participation citoyenne ; d’institutionnalisation ; les différentes échelles territoriales ; la diversité, l’inclusion et le respect des savoirs ; et enfin la mise en capacité.</p>
<p>Plus d&rsquo;informations sur la procédure des Conventions de Citoyens sont disponibles<strong> <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/convention-de-citoyens/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ici, </a></strong>et retrouvez toute l&rsquo;actualité sur les Conventions de Citoyens<strong> <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/rubrique/democratisation-de-la-science/convention-de-citoyens/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ici</a>. </strong></p>
<p>Pour en savoir plus sur le projet TeRRIFICA: <a href="https://terrifica.eu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>terrifica.eu</strong></a></p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/conventions-de-citoyens-videos-conference/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>State of play EU Defence Fund: EP plenary vote on Wednesday 12</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/state-of-play-eu-defence-fund-ep-plenary-vote-on-wednesday-12/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2018 13:00:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Démocratisation de la science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Défense]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Robots tueurs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Union européenne]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=104617</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Sciences Citoyennes est co-signataire de cette lettre ouverte aux parlementaires europ&#xE9;ens Dear Member of the European Parliament, on Wednesday 12 December, you will make a&#xA0;decisive vote on the proposal for a European Defence Fund&#xA0;to dedicate &#x20AC;13 billion for research and development projects in military technologies during the next multi-financial framework. 44 non-profit organisations across Europe [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/state-of-play-eu-defence-fund-ep-plenary-vote-on-wednesday-12/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>Sciences Citoyennes est co-signataire de cette lettre ouverte aux parlementaires européens</em></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dear Member of the European Parliament,</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">on Wednesday 12 December, you will make a <a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&amp;reference=A8-2018-0412&amp;language=EN">decisive vote on the proposal for a European Defence Fund</a> to dedicate €13 billion for research and development projects in military technologies during the next multi-financial framework.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="http://enaat.org/2018/11/15/42-non-profit-organisations-across-europe-alert-on-4-major-risks-the-europeandefencefund-entails">44 non-profit organisations across Europe have recently alerted about the risks the current proposal entails</a>, regarding the diversion of funds from civilian priorities and the over-influence of the arms industry, as well as the <a href="https://euobserver.com/science/141885">possible contribution to the development of killer-robots</a><a href="https://euobserver.com/science/141885"> </a>and the future exports of EU-funded goods.</p>

<p><span id="more-104617"></span></p>

<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://euobserver.com/opinion/143510">European s</a><a href="https://euobserver.com/opinion/143510">cientist</a><a href="https://euobserver.com/opinion/143510">s are also alarmed by this military turn of the EU and the potential development of autonomous weapons</a>, echoing previous <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/which-artificially-intelligent-semi-autonomous-weapons-exist-2015-7?r=US&amp;IR=T">concerns from the international rersearch community</a> at large</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://euobserver.com/institutional/142967">T</a><a href="https://euobserver.com/institutional/142967">he ombudsman </a><a href="https://euobserver.com/institutional/142967">raised concerns about the lack of transparency around the advisory role of the industry</a> on the setting-up of EU funds for military research, which could lead to a perception of conflict of interest, and <a href="https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/decision/en/98786">concluded to maladministration by the European Commission</a> for not answering adequately to civil society requests for information.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In your role as direct representatives of EU citizens, we urge you to pay a particular attention to the coming vote and, if not to reject the proposal as such, to <strong>at least support those amendments that could mitigate some of the mentioned risks, by:</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>excluding projects related to armed drones until there is a legal framework for their use;</strong></li>
</ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>excluding projects that could contribute to the development of fully autonomous weapons;</strong></li>
</ul>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>introducing a stricter control on the future exports of EU-funded military technologies</strong>.</li>
</ul>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sincerely yours,</p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/state-of-play-eu-defence-fund-ep-plenary-vote-on-wednesday-12/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Citizen Conventions are needed to define European research.</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-convention-are-needed-to-define-the-european-research/</link>
					<comments>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-convention-are-needed-to-define-the-european-research/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 12 Jan 2018 13:29:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Conventions de citoyens]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Politiques de recherche en Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[democratisation of science]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=74766</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Europe&#x2019;s next budget for research-funding could reach &#x20AC;120-billion for the coming seven years. The European Parliament will vote in 2019 on its allocation in the next Research Framework Programme (FP9). Once again, most of that money will be granted to multinational companies, unless&#x2026; Sciences Citoyennes and Global Health Advocates, supported by a coalition of European [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-convention-are-needed-to-define-the-european-research/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Europe’s next budget for research-funding could reach €120-billion for the coming seven years. The European Parliament will vote in 2019 on its allocation in the next Research Framework Programme (FP9). Once again, most of that money will be granted to multinational companies, unless…</p>
<p>Sciences Citoyennes and Global Health Advocates, supported by a coalition of European non-governmental organisations (NGOs), have succeeded in convincing of the need for revitalisation of European democracy. The goal can only be achieved through the political engagement of citizens.<span id="more-74766"></span></p>
<p>The next FP9 could be shaped by research missions. Who better than European citizens can define their priorities ?</p>
<p>In practice, we promote the involvement of citizens in the co-designing of the missions through a dedicated mechanism : the Citizen Conventions. This method is based on the idea that a randomly selected group of European citizens, trained by a pool of experts on various themes, is able to comprehend complex topics and take imaginative decisions for the greater public good.</p>
<p>At the same time, Sciences Citoyennes and Global Health Advocates are promoting a greater participation of civil society as a stakeholder. Experts from associations could share their theoretical and practical knowledge, make proposals in order to establish a hierarchy for research topics and participate in the strategic planning of the next FP9.</p>
<p>The European Union would benefit from a revitalisation of democracy and from a program that is designed by and for citizens. We invite you to read our<a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Citizens-Convention-LD.pdf"><strong> propositions</strong> </a>in more detail and to share them widely with European and national elected representatives.</p>
<p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/citizens-convention-are-needed-to-define-the-european-research/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Scientists and Civil Society Must Move Together toward a New Science</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/scientists-and-civil-society-must-move-together-toward-a-new-science/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2016 08:38:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deontology of research]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Manipulation du vivant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Third-sector of knowledge]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=32644</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Article proposed and written by an advisory board member of Sciences Citoyennes, Christian V&#xE9;lot1,2,3,4* , about democracy in science and public engagement, illustrated by a concrete example of participatory research. This is an open-access article, originally published here : http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full. 1Laboratoire VEAC, Facult&#xE9; des Sciences, Univ. Paris-Sud, Universit&#xE9; Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France 2P&#xF4;le Risques MRSH-CNRS, Universit&#xE9; [&#x2026;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/scientists-and-civil-society-must-move-together-toward-a-new-science/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Article proposed and written by an advisory board member of Sciences Citoyennes, <a href="http://frontiersin.org/people/u/307865">Christian Vélot</a><sup>1,2,3,4</sup>* , about democracy in science and public engagement, illustrated by a concrete example of participatory research. This is an open-access article, originally published here : http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full.</em><span id="more-32644"></span></p>
<ul>
<li><sup>1</sup>Laboratoire VEAC, Faculté des Sciences, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France</li>
<li><sup>2</sup>Pôle Risques MRSH-CNRS, Université de Caen, Caen, France</li>
<li><sup>3</sup>CRIIGEN, Paris, France</li>
<li><sup>4</sup>Fondation Sciences Citoyennes, Paris, France</li>
</ul>
<p>In the current context of research and innovation that are increasingly driven by short-term industrial interests, science and technology require thorough social, political, ethical, and legal changes leading to better democratic control. A huge gap has opened between citizens and scientists, with the latter sometimes inspiring more mistrust than trust. Major health and environmental scandals of past years (for example, asbestos, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, PCBs, and nuclear disasters) may be related to this situation.</p>
<p class="mb15">To restore the links between science, policy makers, and civil society is a difficult task with many challenges. This involves (a) substituting a research approach strictly entrusted to the scientific community, with approaches based on a willingness to access and respect various forms of knowledge; (b) taking into account, at a very early stage in public research policy, the societal challenges of science and the tools for its democratic orientation; (c) expanding access to scientific knowledge in society, allowing those that are often wrongly called “ignorant” to interact with researchers in a balanced dialog and a co-construction of knowledge. How is it conceivable, for instance, to develop an agricultural research project without a close exchange and collaboration with those people who invented agriculture – not the researchers, or even the agronomists, but farmers? Moreover, in a knowledge society, in which innovation does not necessarily mean “progress,” citizens may be especially willing to participate in choosing scientific and technological orientations.</p>
<p>Such a task implies in particular the setting up of systems enabling civil society to access opportunities to develop scientific knowledge, as well as for innovation and expertise (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B1">1</a>). Participatory research, which is joint research work with equal partnerships between non-profit organizations from civil society or groups of citizens and academic researchers (from universities or major research organizations), is an integral part of this process of democratization of science. Several public programs successfully promote participatory research. Examples include the Canadian program of <i>Community-University Research Alliances</i> (ARUC)<sup id="footnotesuper1"><a id="note1a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note1">1</a></sup>; several regional research programs in France, such as <i>Partnerships between Institutions and Citizens for Research and Innovation</i> (PICRI),<sup id="footnotesuper2"><a id="note2a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note2">2</a></sup> set up by the Region Ile-de-France under the leadership of the <i>Fondation Sciences Citoyennes</i> organization<sup id="footnotesuper3"><a id="note3a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note3">3</a></sup>; and the <i>Social Appropriation of Sciences</i> (ASOSC),<sup id="footnotesuper4"><a id="note4a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note4">4</a></sup> developed by the Brittany Region.</p>
<p>A project resulting from collaboration between researchers and actors of civil society often addresses a societal issue. Thus, participatory research involves mainly applied research projects and projects that fall within the field of expertise (health, environmental, ethical, etc.). For basic research, i.e., research that is conducted solely for the sake of increasing human knowledge, such collaborations are more difficult to consider, since this research generally falls into skills that are specifically those of scientists. However, citizens can participate in some basic research projects, by collecting data on a large scale (for example, in the field of biodiversity). In this case, participants train themselves with the files and protocols that are given beforehand. Besides, citizens could be consulted about the fundamental questions that they are concerned with and that they would like to be addressed by scientists.</p>
<p>The requirement for openness of science to civil society is particularly striking in the area of technologies and the products of technology. The phenomenon of lucrative research driven by industrial interests that require rapid returns on investment leads to negative consequences in terms the quality and transparency of health and environmental assessment. The time required to conduct these assessments with proper rigor is not compatible with the urgency of patents and profits, and commercial confidentiality is used to justify the failure to communicate raw data from regulatory tests.</p>
<p>Many civil society organizations have emerged to oppose the possible assessment deficiencies of new products placed on the market. These organizations play an important role at the interface between the assessment authorities and civil society as a whole, not as mediators, but as shields designed to protect citizens from potential hazards resulting from inadequate assessments. Participatory research projects provide an opportunity for civil society organizations to intervene as interlocutors and collaborators with scientists who are engaged in research on assessment issues. These organizations are then able to relay the results to the general public and decision makers and develop arguments for possible revision of assessment regulations by public authorities.</p>
<p class="mb15">An example of this was provided by the international conference on “Assessment and Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Pesticides,”<sup id="footnotesuper5"><a id="note5a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note5">5</a></sup> held in France at the Orsay Scientific Centre (University of Paris-Sud) on 12 and 13 November 2015.</p>
<p>The originality of this symposium was the fact that it was open to civil society (with French/English simultaneous translation), organized as part of a participatory research (PICRI project, funded by the Île-de-France Region), and managed collaboratively between University Paris-Sud and two associations: <i>Générations Futures</i><sup id="footnotesuper6"><a id="note6a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note6">6</a></sup> and the <i>Committee for Research and Independent Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)</i>.<sup id="footnotesuper7"><a id="note7a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note7">7</a></sup> This project<sup id="footnotesuper8"><a id="note8a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note8">8</a></sup> focuses on the study of the “substantial equivalence” principle (i.e., close nutritional and element similarity between two crop-derived foods), which has been used as the basis to allow the commercial approval of all agricultural GMOs cultivated across the world. This concept, adopted by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1993 and endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) in 1996, is registered in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation (<i>Part IX: Foods derived from New Plant Varieties</i>) and was used to claim that GM crops are as safe and nutritious as currently consumed plan-derived foods (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B2">2</a>). Since this concept applies at the chain end (i.e., to the food from these plants), it should consider the context of the growing crops. Precisely, in the case of herbicide-tolerant GM crops, this context is not the same as for their conventional counterparts since the former are sprayed with the herbicide. Surprisingly, during substantial equivalence studies, either the tested plants are not sprayed with the recommended herbicide (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B3">3</a>) or the herbicide residues are not measured anyway (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B4">4</a>).</p>
<p class="mb15">The international dimension of the conference was not only due to the panel of speakers but also to those who attended. Among the 140 participants, many came from different countries (not only in Europe but also in America and Africa).</p>
<p>According to the spirit of participatory research, this conference allowed the creation of a bridge between academic research and the “scientific third sector” (citizens, associations, NGOs, policy makers), with presentations of experimental scientific data, made accessible to the general public, as well as round tables bringing together civil society stakeholders. Both were followed by long interactions with the public. This spirit was also the reason why we chose to organize this conference at the Orsay Scientific Centre: because companies are allowed to sit on university boards of directors, it was important for my colleagues and myself, concerned about the democratization of science, to offer the opportunity for citizens to penetrate inside the walls of the university.</p>
<p>Together with results from Brazilian (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B5">5</a>) and Norwegian (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B6">6</a>) research groups, some of the results of the PICRI project (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B7">7</a>) questioned the relevance of the substantial equivalence principle, especially when used to approve the commercialization of herbicide-tolerant GM crops. The second scientific session offered a state-of-the-art review of experimental data showing the insufficiencies of regulatory toxicity tests of GMOs and pesticides (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B8">8</a>, <a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B9">9</a>). It was emphasized that the duration of feeding trials is insufficient to detect potential chronic (long-term) toxic effects and that contamination of laboratory rodent diets by toxic environmental pollutants is a confounding factor in regulatory tests. Some of the results presented at this conference showed that commercial formulations of pesticides are always more toxic than their so-called “active principles.” Yet, the latter are tested alone to calculate safety thresholds, even though they are never used in isolation, but always mixed with toxic adjuvants. Last but not least, it was explained that regulatory tests are unable to detect endocrine disrupting effects, a common toxic mechanism shared by many pesticides. During the third scientific session, the panel of speakers showed the detrimental effects of pesticides and GMOs on soil ecosystems, for example, on rhizosphere microflora and earthworms (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B10">10</a>), and on food microorganisms (<a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#B11">11</a>).</p>
<p>Round tables allowed exchanges on various models of participatory research and highlighted the need to involve civil society in research programs and in the choice of major research directions. The regulation of pesticides and GMOs (including those resulting from the use of new genetic engineering technologies other than transgenesis) at national and European levels was also widely discussed. There was a particular emphasis on the questions of data transparency, conflicts of interests in assessment committees, and the responsibility of experts and policy makers. Finally, a farmer, an agronomist, a physician, and a company manager producing flour and animal feed explained and exchanged their views on the question of agricultural sustainability and food choices in the future.</p>
<p>These 2 days of exchanges, where multiple participants from different backgrounds contributed to a unified collective intelligence, were particularly rich and intense. They confirmed the need to open up science to the public, not only to share results but also to build on each other’s knowledge.</p>
<p>To this end, and in line with proposals made by <i>Fondation Sciences Citoyennes</i>,<sup id="footnotesuper9"><a id="note9a"></a><a class="footnoteanchor" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note9">9</a></sup> the following arrangements must be implemented:</p>
<p>(a) integrating participatory research programs in all public research policies;</p>
<p>(b) taking into consideration the value of the participation of civil society (non-profit) to research;</p>
<p>(c) setting up evaluation criteria for researchers involved in participatory research projects;</p>
<p>(d) supporting the mobility of researchers toward civil society organizations;</p>
<p>(e) expanding communication on participatory research to researchers, students, and civil society.</p>
<p>There are professional scientists – the researchers – and professional politicians, including elected officials. But the scientific approach, like political action, belongs to everyone. It is time to move toward a new science, considering the “substantial equivalence” between professional scientists and citizens.</p>
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<h2>Author Contributions</h2>
<p>CV is the scientific coordinator of the international conference and of the participatory research project reported in this article.</p>
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<h2>Conflict of Interest Statement</h2>
<p>The opinions and conclusions in this commentary are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the institutions with which he is affiliated: University Paris-Sud, Pôle Risques, MRSH, CNRS, and University of Caen.</p>
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<h2>Acknowledgments</h2>
<p>This project (including international conference) was supported by the non-governmental organization “Générations Futures” and the Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN), in the framework of a participatory research project. It received funding from the Regional Council Ile-de-France and the University Paris-Sud. The author thanks Claire Robinson for correcting the English.</p>
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<h2>Footnotes</h2>
<ol>
<li id="note1"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note1a">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/cura-aruc-fra.aspx">http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/cura-aruc-fra.aspx</a></li>
<li id="note2"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note2a">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.iledefrance.fr/competence/picri">http://www.iledefrance.fr/competence/picri</a></li>
<li id="note3"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note3a">^</a></strong><a href="http://sciencescitoyennes.org">http://sciencescitoyennes.org</a></li>
<li id="note4"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note4a">^</a></strong><a href="http://xnet1.region-bretagne.fr/Recherche">http://xnet1.region-bretagne.fr/Recherche</a></li>
<li id="note5"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note5a">^</a></strong><a href="http://picriogm.weebly.com/colloque.html">http://picriogm.weebly.com/colloque.html</a></li>
<li id="note6"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note6a">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.generations-futures.fr">http://www.generations-futures.fr</a></li>
<li id="note7"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note7a">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.criigen.org">http://www.criigen.org</a></li>
<li id="note8"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note8a">^</a></strong><a href="http://www.picri-ogm.fr">http://www.picri-ogm.fr</a></li>
<li id="note9"><strong><a class="footnotetextanchor" title="" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096/full#note9a">^</a></strong><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/rubrique/tiers-secteur-de-la-connaissance/recherche-participative/">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/rubrique/tiers-secteur-de-la-connaissance/recherche-participative/</a></li>
</ol>
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<p>Keywords: co-construction of knowledge, participatory research, risk assessment, GMOs, pesticides, civil society</p>
<p>Citation: Vélot C (2016) Scientists and Civil Society Must Move Together toward a New Science. <i>Front. Public Health</i> 4:96. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00096</p>
<p id="timestamps">Received: 11 January 2016; Accepted: 28 April 2016;<br />
Published: 11 May 2016</p>
<p>Edited by:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/102124">Efstratios Vogiannis</a>, Evangeliki Model School of Smyrna-Athens, Greece</p>
<p>Reviewed by:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.frontiersin.org/people/u/135256">Dionysios Koulougliotis</a>, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Ionian Islands, Greece</p>
<p>Copyright: © 2016 Vélot. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="license noopener">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)</a>. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.</p>
<p>*Correspondence: Christian Vélot, <a href="mailto:christian.velot@u-psud.fr">christian.velot@u-psud.fr</a></p>
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		<title>A Manifesto For a Responsible Scientific Research</title>
		<link>https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/a-manifesto-for-responsible-scientific-research/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[sc]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Jan 2016 17:20:48 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Democratisation of science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Deontology of research]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sciencescitoyennes.org/?p=29353</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>As a result of a collective work, here is our Manifesto for a Responsible Scientific Research. Fondation Sciences Citoyennes purpose is to encourage debates concerning the scientific research aims and the means to implement individual and collective accountability in this field. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; MANIFESTO FOR A RESPONSIBLE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH &#160; Preamble &#62;&#62; The scale and [&#8230;]</p><p>Lisez plus sur <a href="https://wptest3.sciencescitoyennes.ovh/a-manifesto-for-responsible-scientific-research/">Sciences Citoyennes</a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>As a result of a collective work, here is our Manifesto for a Responsible Scientific Research. Fondation Sciences Citoyennes purpose is to encourage debates concerning the scientific research aims and the means to implement individual and collective accountability in this field.</em><span id="more-29353"></span></p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;">               <strong>  <span style="color: #a3af07;">&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #4f213a;">MANIFESTO FOR A RESPONSIBLE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH</span></strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Preamble</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>The scale and the irreversibility of the interdependences created between humans, between societies, and between humanity and the biosphere, constitute a radically new situation in the history of humanity, which requires a global and urgent response.</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> Facing health and ecological risks, our societies are becoming totally irresponsible:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>Non-accountability of states</strong>, which are locked into an out-dated vision of their sovereignty and are more preoccupied with economic, police and military competition than with the common good of the populations;</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>Non-accountability of businesses</strong>, whose preoccupations are almost exclusively about profits, and who avoid responsibility in the face of insufficient or overlooked knowledge of risks, and who operate outside of control by citizens or states;</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>Non-accountability of institutional decision-makers and politicians</strong>, and all those who make decisions that are unethical, going against the health of populations and the protection of the environment. They deny risks hiding behind rarely independent expert advice while ignoring the wealth and diversity of knowledge;</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>Non-accountability of researchers</strong>, who consider that their ethical responsibility is not invested as scientists or as experts.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Further, we note that</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> On a global scale, the current economic rush is generating an irrational race for research contracts – with an instrumentalised science at the heart – and an exaggerated claim for technologies, in the name of innovation, which will bring more competition and growth, without questioning the relevance or consequences.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> In the intensified competitive system that the world of research has become, researchers and teacher-researchers are caught up in an ever present battle to obtain jobs, students, financing and publication of their work.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> The researcher finds him/herself dispossessed of the means to practice his/her profession losing the power of personal responsibility: s/he becomes a cog in the vast machine which is technoscience*.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> Civil society, on the other hand, finds itself dispossessed of choices about its future and that of the biosphere.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>We are aware that:</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> Historically, research was in part developed in a framework of « knowledge for knowledge’s sake » and of « freedom of the researcher » who claimed non-accountability for the uses and consequences of the developed knowledge.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> This reflects back to the assumed existence of a neutral science and independent researchers and the belief that science and researchers, whatever they do, contribute essentially to the progress of humanity.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> This demand for non-accountability, with implicit reference to former times perceived as more favourable, is today taken up by certain researchers in an attempt to get out of contemporary ethical dilemmas in which they are caught.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>And finally:</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> This conception of science has historically permitted, and permits today more than ever, dominant actors, dominant classes and nations, to control the orientation and the utilisation of science. In return, researchers obtain social recognition from their profession, and the granting of a certain degree of self-organisation and protection from conflict of interest and from responsibility for damages attributed as coming from their work.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> This faustian pact leads to irresponsible research towards society because, not having the common good as a primary objective, research encourages the rushing ahead of technoscience and pulls us into a global social and ecological impasse, which carries considerable threats for the survival of humanity.</p>
<p><span style="color: #a3af07;">&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>We refuse</strong> this conception of science with its claimed non-accountability as well as the current organisational system for research, which adds to the non-accountability of researchers.</p>
<p><strong>We challenge</strong> the affirmation according to which damages created by technoscience are said to be automatically corrected by later developments of the same technoscience.</p>
<p><strong>We denounce</strong> the impunity which benefits those who, to obtain research financing, systematically stress only the promises of innovation, without worrying about risks or negative consequences. We regret the absence of established measures which would take away this impunity and place the blame of responsibility on the promoters of innovation when they neglect or minimise what would only be « collateral damage », whether these promoters come from the military industrial sphere, research or politics. We consider that responsibility is incontrovertible when damage caused is irreversible.</p>
<p><strong>We affirm</strong> that the responsibility of each person is in proportion to their assets, power and knowledge and that nothing can exonerate that responsibility if, in the name of powerlessness, their has been no effort to unite with others, or if, in the name of ignorance, no effort has been made to learn. In this capacity, the researcher is a responsible actor and not a powerless cog.</p>
<p>Consequently, <strong>we demand</strong> that researchers and scientific institutions admit their co-responsibility in techno-industrial development, which we today know endangers the common future, and that they make themselves capable of effectively joining together those who are concerned with the future of the questions of research orientations and their implications.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>We call on all researchers and their institutions:</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> To claim their <strong>part in the ecological and social transition to sustainable societies and well-being</strong> – through the development of a new contract between society and science for which the key words are methodological rigour, democratisation and transparency of choices and of practices, participation and collective building of knowledge, leading to the orientation of scientific priorities destined to allow for this systemic transition.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> To develop <strong>responsible scientific research</strong>, characterised by:</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> <strong>Democratic elaboration of general goals and budgets</strong> for the politics of research and innovation, for the setting of thematic priorities and the allocation of resources for researchers. This calls for the creation of new or reformed science authorities which can challenge established authority and which are equipped with the tools, such as the Citizen Convention*, which make them competent for this task.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span> </em><strong>The support and implementation of the further development of participatory research</strong>* &#8211; meaning the collective construction of knowledge in the framework of groups bearing a wide variety of knowledge and competence, including researchers and other professionals and actors of civil society. That would imply a profound reorientation of the financing of the varieties of research and a redoing of the mechanism of evaluation of the activities of researchers and teacher-researchers.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span> </em><strong>The support of research activity that is not finalized.</strong></p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span> The <strong>opening of collective scientific expertise to specialists of different fields</strong> (such as social sciences) and positions, with demands for the rigour of procedures and of non-capture by dominant actors. This expertise must not be confused with the preliminary question – submitted to democratic deliberation beforehand – of the social usefulness of an innovation and its possible alternatives;</p>
<p style="padding-left: 60px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em> The<strong> autonomy and the critical reflexivity of the researchers</strong>, their capacity to discern the political meaning of technoscientific innovations and the mechanisms of dominance at work, the recognition of their role or even their duty as whistle-blowers*, by loyalty towards society.</p>
<p style="padding-left: 30px;"><em><span style="color: #800080;"><span style="color: #4f213a;">&gt;</span><span style="color: #a3af07;">&gt;</span></span></em>  To be oriented towards research-development for which the principal priority should today be the <strong>setting up of sustainable production and distribution networks</strong>.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>We are aware that this type of research, geared towards the common good and in which citizens have a central role, calls for profound changes in the training as well as the missions of researchers and teacher-researchers, and in the role and functions of research institutions and in the aims of the politics of research.</p>
<p><strong>To resume, we call for responsible scientific research – which we consider as the only kind able to rebuild confidence between science and society and able to ensure that science is committed to a sustainable society of well-being.</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>English version of the text : <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SciencesCitoyennes_Manifesto_EN_v1.pdf">SciencesCitoyennes_Manifesto_EN_v1</a></p>
<p>French version of the text : <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/SciencesCitoyennes_Manifeste_FR_v1.pdf">SciencesCitoyennes_Manifeste_FR_v1</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>*For more information, refer to the website of the Fondation Sciences Citoyennes : <a href="http://sciences-citoyennes.org">http://sciences-citoyennes.org</a></p>
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